2002
Duperrex, Olivier; Bunn, Frances; Roberts, Ian
Safety education of pedestrians for injury prevention: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Journal Article
In: BMJ, vol. 324, no. 7346, pp. 1129–, 2002.
@article{lshtm17523,
title = {Safety education of pedestrians for injury prevention: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.},
author = {Olivier Duperrex and Frances Bunn and Ian Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17523/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {BMJ},
volume = {324},
number = {7346},
pages = {1129--},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To quantify the effectiveness of safety education of pedestrians. DESIGN: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials of safety education programmes for pedestrians of all ages. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effect of safety education on pedestrians' injuries, behaviour, attitude, and knowledge and on pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions. Quality of trials: methods of randomisation; and numbers lost to follow up. RESULTS: We identified 15 randomised controlled trials of safety education programmes for pedestrians. Fourteen trials targeted children, and one targeted institutionalised adults. None assessed the effect of safety education on the occurrence of pedestrian injury, but six trials assessed its effect on behaviour. The effect of pedestrian education on behaviour varied considerably across studies and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Pedestrian safety education can change observed road crossing behaviour, but whether this reduces the risk of pedestrian injury in road traffic crashes is unknown. There is a lack of good evidence of effectiveness of safety education for adult pedestrians, specially elderly people. None of the trials was conducted in low or middle income countries.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVES: To quantify the effectiveness of safety education of pedestrians. DESIGN: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials of safety education programmes for pedestrians of all ages. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effect of safety education on pedestrians' injuries, behaviour, attitude, and knowledge and on pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions. Quality of trials: methods of randomisation; and numbers lost to follow up. RESULTS: We identified 15 randomised controlled trials of safety education programmes for pedestrians. Fourteen trials targeted children, and one targeted institutionalised adults. None assessed the effect of safety education on the occurrence of pedestrian injury, but six trials assessed its effect on behaviour. The effect of pedestrian education on behaviour varied considerably across studies and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Pedestrian safety education can change observed road crossing behaviour, but whether this reduces the risk of pedestrian injury in road traffic crashes is unknown. There is a lack of good evidence of effectiveness of safety education for adult pedestrians, specially elderly people. None of the trials was conducted in low or middle income countries.
Edwards, P; Farrell, B; Lomas, G; Mashru, R; Ritchie, N; Roberts, I; Sandercock, P; Wasserberg, J; Yates, D; Group, CRASH Trial Pilot Study Collaborative
The MRC CRASH Trial: study design, baseline data, and outcome in 1000 randomised patients in the pilot phase. Journal Article
In: Emergency medicine journal, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 510–514, 2002.
@article{lshtm15770,
title = {The MRC CRASH Trial: study design, baseline data, and outcome in 1000 randomised patients in the pilot phase.},
author = {P Edwards and B Farrell and G Lomas and R Mashru and N Ritchie and I Roberts and P Sandercock and J Wasserberg and D Yates and CRASH Trial Pilot Study Collaborative Group},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/15770/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Emergency medicine journal},
volume = {19},
number = {6},
pages = {510--514},
publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To test the design and feasibility of a large scale multicentre randomised controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of a high dose corticosteroid infusion after head injury. To assess whether large numbers of patients could be enrolled and treated within eight hours from injury and then followed up at six months. METHODS: Randomised placebo controlled multicentre trial of a 48 hour corticosteroid infusion after significant head injury. All head injured adults who were observed while in hospital to have GCS of 14 or less (out of a maximum score of 15), and who were within eight hours of the injury, were eligible for trial entry. Analysis of baseline and outcome data (for both treatment groups combined) for 1000 patients enrolled in the pilot phase of the MRC CRASH Trial. RESULTS: Fifty two hospitals in 14 countries participated in the pilot phase, recruiting an average of one patient per hospital per month. Of the 1000 randomised patients, 330 (33%) had mild head injury, 289 (29%) had moderate head injury, and 381 (38%) had severe head injury. Seven hundred and nine (71%) patients were randomised within three hours of injury. Outcome at two weeks from injury was known for 991 (99%) patients, of whom 170 (17%) patients died. At the time of writing, six month follow up for the first 500 patients was nearly complete. Vital status was known for 465 (93%) of the 500 patients, of whom 97 (21%) had died. Functional status based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale was known for 438 (88%) of the 500 patients: 21% were dead, 17% were severely disabled, 22% were moderately disabled, and 34% had made a good recovery. CONCLUSIONS: The trial procedures proved practicable and a wide variety of patients were recruited in the emergency department within eight hours of injury. Using simple outcome measures, large numbers of patients can be successfully followed up.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVES: To test the design and feasibility of a large scale multicentre randomised controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of a high dose corticosteroid infusion after head injury. To assess whether large numbers of patients could be enrolled and treated within eight hours from injury and then followed up at six months. METHODS: Randomised placebo controlled multicentre trial of a 48 hour corticosteroid infusion after significant head injury. All head injured adults who were observed while in hospital to have GCS of 14 or less (out of a maximum score of 15), and who were within eight hours of the injury, were eligible for trial entry. Analysis of baseline and outcome data (for both treatment groups combined) for 1000 patients enrolled in the pilot phase of the MRC CRASH Trial. RESULTS: Fifty two hospitals in 14 countries participated in the pilot phase, recruiting an average of one patient per hospital per month. Of the 1000 randomised patients, 330 (33%) had mild head injury, 289 (29%) had moderate head injury, and 381 (38%) had severe head injury. Seven hundred and nine (71%) patients were randomised within three hours of injury. Outcome at two weeks from injury was known for 991 (99%) patients, of whom 170 (17%) patients died. At the time of writing, six month follow up for the first 500 patients was nearly complete. Vital status was known for 465 (93%) of the 500 patients, of whom 97 (21%) had died. Functional status based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale was known for 438 (88%) of the 500 patients: 21% were dead, 17% were severely disabled, 22% were moderately disabled, and 34% had made a good recovery. CONCLUSIONS: The trial procedures proved practicable and a wide variety of patients were recruited in the emergency department within eight hours of injury. Using simple outcome measures, large numbers of patients can be successfully followed up.
Edwards, Phil; Clarke, Mike; DiGuiseppi, Carolyn; Pratap, Sarah; Roberts, Ian; Wentz, Reinhard
Identification of randomized controlled trials in systematic reviews: accuracy and reliability of screening records. Journal Article
In: Statistics in medicine, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1635–1640, 2002.
@article{lshtm17527,
title = {Identification of randomized controlled trials in systematic reviews: accuracy and reliability of screening records.},
author = {Phil Edwards and Mike Clarke and Carolyn DiGuiseppi and Sarah Pratap and Ian Roberts and Reinhard Wentz},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17527/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Statistics in medicine},
volume = {21},
number = {11},
pages = {1635--1640},
publisher = {Wiley},
abstract = {A study was conducted to estimate the accuracy and reliability of reviewers when screening records for relevant trials for a systematic review. A sensitive search of ten electronic bibliographic databases yielded 22 571 records of potentially relevant trials. Records were allocated to four reviewers such that two reviewers examined each record and so that identification of trials by each reviewer could be compared with those identified by each of the other reviewers. Agreement between reviewers was assessed using Cohen's kappa statistic. Ascertainment intersection methods were used to estimate the likely number of trials missed by reviewers. Full copies of reports were obtained and assessed independently by two researchers for eligibility for the review. Eligible reports formed the 'gold standard' against which an assessment was made about the accuracy of screening by reviewers. After screening, 301 of 22 571 records were identified by at least one reviewer as potentially relevant. Agreement was álmost perfect' (kappa>0.8) within two pairs, 'substantial' (kappa>0.6) within three pairs and 'moderate' (kappa>0.4) within one pair. Of the 301 records selected, 273 complete reports were available. When pairs of reviewers agreed on the potential relevance of records, 81 per cent were eligible (range 69 to 91 per cent). If reviewers disagreed, 22 per cent were eligible (range 12 to 45 per cent). Single reviewers missed on average 8 per cent of eligible reports (range 0 to 24 per cent), whereas pairs of reviewers did not miss any (range 0 to 1 per cent). The use of two reviewers to screen records increased the number of randomized trials identified by an average of 9 per cent (range 0 to 32 per cent). Reviewers can reliably identify potentially relevant records when screening thousands of records for eligibility. Two reviewers should screen records for eligibility, whenever possible, in order to maximize ascertainment of relevant trials.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A study was conducted to estimate the accuracy and reliability of reviewers when screening records for relevant trials for a systematic review. A sensitive search of ten electronic bibliographic databases yielded 22 571 records of potentially relevant trials. Records were allocated to four reviewers such that two reviewers examined each record and so that identification of trials by each reviewer could be compared with those identified by each of the other reviewers. Agreement between reviewers was assessed using Cohen's kappa statistic. Ascertainment intersection methods were used to estimate the likely number of trials missed by reviewers. Full copies of reports were obtained and assessed independently by two researchers for eligibility for the review. Eligible reports formed the 'gold standard' against which an assessment was made about the accuracy of screening by reviewers. After screening, 301 of 22 571 records were identified by at least one reviewer as potentially relevant. Agreement was álmost perfect' (kappa>0.8) within two pairs, 'substantial' (kappa>0.6) within three pairs and 'moderate' (kappa>0.4) within one pair. Of the 301 records selected, 273 complete reports were available. When pairs of reviewers agreed on the potential relevance of records, 81 per cent were eligible (range 69 to 91 per cent). If reviewers disagreed, 22 per cent were eligible (range 12 to 45 per cent). Single reviewers missed on average 8 per cent of eligible reports (range 0 to 24 per cent), whereas pairs of reviewers did not miss any (range 0 to 1 per cent). The use of two reviewers to screen records increased the number of randomized trials identified by an average of 9 per cent (range 0 to 32 per cent). Reviewers can reliably identify potentially relevant records when screening thousands of records for eligibility. Two reviewers should screen records for eligibility, whenever possible, in order to maximize ascertainment of relevant trials.
Edwards, Phil; Roberts, Ian; Clarke, Mike; DiGuiseppi, Carolyn; Pratap, Sarah; Wentz, Reinhard; Kwan, Irene
Increasing response rates to postal questionnaires: systematic review. Journal Article
In: BMJ (Clinical research ed), vol. 324, no. 7347, pp. 1183–, 2002.
@article{lshtm17516,
title = {Increasing response rates to postal questionnaires: systematic review.},
author = {Phil Edwards and Ian Roberts and Mike Clarke and Carolyn DiGuiseppi and Sarah Pratap and Reinhard Wentz and Irene Kwan},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17516/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed)},
volume = {324},
number = {7347},
pages = {1183--},
publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify methods to increase response to postal questionnaires. DESIGN: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials of any method to influence response to postal questionnaires. STUDIES REVIEWED: 292 randomised controlled trials including 258 315 participants INTERVENTION REVIEWED: 75 strategies for influencing response to postal questionnaires. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The proportion of completed or partially completed questionnaires returned. RESULTS: The odds of response were more than doubled when a monetary incentive was used (odds ratio 2.02; 95% confidence interval 1.79 to 2.27) and almost doubled when incentives were not conditional on response (1.71; 1.29 to 2.26). Response was more likely when short questionnaires were used (1.86; 1.55 to 2.24). Personalised questionnaires and letters increased response (1.16; 1.06 to 1.28), as did the use of coloured ink (1.39; 1.16 to 1.67). The odds of response were more than doubled when the questionnaires were sent by recorded delivery (2.21; 1.51 to 3.25) and increased when stamped return envelopes were used (1.26; 1.13 to 1.41) and questionnaires were sent by first class post (1.12; 1.02 to 1.23). Contacting participants before sending questionnaires increased response (1.54; 1.24 to 1.92), as did follow up contact (1.44; 1.22 to 1.70) and providing non-respondents with a second copy of the questionnaire (1.41; 1.02 to 1.94). Questionnaires designed to be of more interest to participants were more likely to be returned (2.44; 1.99 to 3.01), but questionnaires containing questions of a sensitive nature were less likely to be returned (0.92; 0.87 to 0.98). Questionnaires originating from universities were more likely to be returned than were questionnaires from other sources, such as commercial organisations (1.31; 1.11 to 1.54). CONCLUSIONS: Health researchers using postal questionnaires can improve the quality of their research by using the strategies shown to be effective in this systematic review.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVE: To identify methods to increase response to postal questionnaires. DESIGN: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials of any method to influence response to postal questionnaires. STUDIES REVIEWED: 292 randomised controlled trials including 258 315 participants INTERVENTION REVIEWED: 75 strategies for influencing response to postal questionnaires. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The proportion of completed or partially completed questionnaires returned. RESULTS: The odds of response were more than doubled when a monetary incentive was used (odds ratio 2.02; 95% confidence interval 1.79 to 2.27) and almost doubled when incentives were not conditional on response (1.71; 1.29 to 2.26). Response was more likely when short questionnaires were used (1.86; 1.55 to 2.24). Personalised questionnaires and letters increased response (1.16; 1.06 to 1.28), as did the use of coloured ink (1.39; 1.16 to 1.67). The odds of response were more than doubled when the questionnaires were sent by recorded delivery (2.21; 1.51 to 3.25) and increased when stamped return envelopes were used (1.26; 1.13 to 1.41) and questionnaires were sent by first class post (1.12; 1.02 to 1.23). Contacting participants before sending questionnaires increased response (1.54; 1.24 to 1.92), as did follow up contact (1.44; 1.22 to 1.70) and providing non-respondents with a second copy of the questionnaire (1.41; 1.02 to 1.94). Questionnaires designed to be of more interest to participants were more likely to be returned (2.44; 1.99 to 3.01), but questionnaires containing questions of a sensitive nature were less likely to be returned (0.92; 0.87 to 0.98). Questionnaires originating from universities were more likely to be returned than were questionnaires from other sources, such as commercial organisations (1.31; 1.11 to 1.54). CONCLUSIONS: Health researchers using postal questionnaires can improve the quality of their research by using the strategies shown to be effective in this systematic review.
Kwan, I; Mapstone, J; Roberts, I
Interventions for increasing pedestrian and cyclist visibility for the prevention of death and injuries. Journal Article
In: The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, no. 2, pp. CD003438–, 2002.
@article{lshtm17517,
title = {Interventions for increasing pedestrian and cyclist visibility for the prevention of death and injuries.},
author = {I Kwan and J Mapstone and I Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17517/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {The Cochrane database of systematic reviews},
number = {2},
pages = {CD003438--},
publisher = {Cochrane Collaboration},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pedestrians and cyclists account for nearly one in three of all road users killed and seriously injured in road traffic crashes. Late detection of other road users is one of the basic driver failures responsible for collisions. Aids to improve pedestrians and cyclist visibility have been used to avert potential collisions. However, the impact of these strategies on drivers' responses, and on pedestrian and cyclist safety is not known. OBJECTIVES: 1. To quantify the effect of visibility aids vs no visibility aids, and of different visibility aids on the occurrence of pedestrian and cyclist-motor vehicle collisions and injuries. 2. To quantify the effect of visibility aids vs no visibility aids, and of different visibility aids on drivers' detection and recognition responses. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, the Injuries Group Specialised Register, MEDLINE, TRANSPORT, TRANSDOC from ECMT (European Conference of Ministers of Transport), IRRD (International Road Research Documentation), TRIS (Transportation Research Information Services), NRR (National Research Register), PsycInfo and PsycLit. SELECTION CRITERIA: 1. Randomised controlled trials and controlled before/after trials of the effect of visibility aids on the occurrence of pedestrian and cyclist-motor collisions and injuries. 2. Randomised controlled trials of the effect of visibility aids on drivers' detection and recognition responses. This included trials where the order of presentation of visibility aids was randomised or balanced using a Latin square design. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently screened records, extracted data and assessed trial quality. MAIN RESULTS: We found no trials assessing the effect of visibility aids on the occurrence of pedestrian and cyclist-motor vehicle collisions and injuries. We identified 37 trials assessing the effect of visibility aids on drivers' responses. Fluorescent materials in yellow, red and orange colours improve detection and recognition in the daytime. For night-time visibility, lamps, flashing lights and retroreflective materials in red and yellow colours increase detection and recognition. Retroreflective materials arranged in a 'biomotion' configuration also enhance recognition. Substantial heterogeneity between and within the trials limited the possibility for meta-analysis. Summary statistics and descriptive summaries of the outcomes were presented for individual trials when appropriate. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Visibility aids have the potential to increase visibility and enable drivers to detect pedestrians and cyclists earlier. Public acceptability of these strategies would merit further development. However, the effect of visibility aids on pedestrian and cyclist safety remains unknown. Studies which collect data on simple, meaningful outcomes are required.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
BACKGROUND: Pedestrians and cyclists account for nearly one in three of all road users killed and seriously injured in road traffic crashes. Late detection of other road users is one of the basic driver failures responsible for collisions. Aids to improve pedestrians and cyclist visibility have been used to avert potential collisions. However, the impact of these strategies on drivers' responses, and on pedestrian and cyclist safety is not known. OBJECTIVES: 1. To quantify the effect of visibility aids vs no visibility aids, and of different visibility aids on the occurrence of pedestrian and cyclist-motor vehicle collisions and injuries. 2. To quantify the effect of visibility aids vs no visibility aids, and of different visibility aids on drivers' detection and recognition responses. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, the Injuries Group Specialised Register, MEDLINE, TRANSPORT, TRANSDOC from ECMT (European Conference of Ministers of Transport), IRRD (International Road Research Documentation), TRIS (Transportation Research Information Services), NRR (National Research Register), PsycInfo and PsycLit. SELECTION CRITERIA: 1. Randomised controlled trials and controlled before/after trials of the effect of visibility aids on the occurrence of pedestrian and cyclist-motor collisions and injuries. 2. Randomised controlled trials of the effect of visibility aids on drivers' detection and recognition responses. This included trials where the order of presentation of visibility aids was randomised or balanced using a Latin square design. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently screened records, extracted data and assessed trial quality. MAIN RESULTS: We found no trials assessing the effect of visibility aids on the occurrence of pedestrian and cyclist-motor vehicle collisions and injuries. We identified 37 trials assessing the effect of visibility aids on drivers' responses. Fluorescent materials in yellow, red and orange colours improve detection and recognition in the daytime. For night-time visibility, lamps, flashing lights and retroreflective materials in red and yellow colours increase detection and recognition. Retroreflective materials arranged in a 'biomotion' configuration also enhance recognition. Substantial heterogeneity between and within the trials limited the possibility for meta-analysis. Summary statistics and descriptive summaries of the outcomes were presented for individual trials when appropriate. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Visibility aids have the potential to increase visibility and enable drivers to detect pedestrians and cyclists earlier. Public acceptability of these strategies would merit further development. However, the effect of visibility aids on pedestrian and cyclist safety remains unknown. Studies which collect data on simple, meaningful outcomes are required.
Kwan, Irene; Bunn, Frances; Roberts, Ian; Wentz, Reinhard
The development of a register of randomized controlled trials in prehospital trauma care. Journal Article
In: Prehospital emergency care, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 27–30, 2002.
@article{lshtm17514,
title = {The development of a register of randomized controlled trials in prehospital trauma care.},
author = {Irene Kwan and Frances Bunn and Ian Roberts and Reinhard Wentz},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17514/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Prehospital emergency care},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {27--30},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To establish a register of randomized controlled trials of interventions in the prehospital care of trauma patients. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted for all randomized controlled trials of interventions in the prehospital care of trauma patients. The search included the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register, the Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register, Medline, EMBASE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Science Citation Index, National Research Register, Dissertation Abstracts, and PubMed for the time period 1966-2000. There were no language restrictions. In addition, full-text hand searching of a range of relevant journals was done, and the authors of included trials were contacted. RESULTS: The combined search strategy identified 16,037 potentially eligible records, of which 28 were reports of randomized controlled trials evaluating prehospital trauma care interventions. After excluding duplicate reports, there were 24 separate randomized controlled trials including 6,806 patients. The largest and smallest trials involved 1,309 and 30 trauma patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This register will facilitate the conduct of systematic reviews of the effectiveness of interventions in prehospital trauma care. However, despite the extensive searching, very few randomized trials in this area were found. In view of the absence of evidence for the effectiveness of many of the interventions that are used in the prehospital care of trauma patients, further randomized controlled trials are required.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVES: To establish a register of randomized controlled trials of interventions in the prehospital care of trauma patients. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted for all randomized controlled trials of interventions in the prehospital care of trauma patients. The search included the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register, the Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register, Medline, EMBASE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Science Citation Index, National Research Register, Dissertation Abstracts, and PubMed for the time period 1966-2000. There were no language restrictions. In addition, full-text hand searching of a range of relevant journals was done, and the authors of included trials were contacted. RESULTS: The combined search strategy identified 16,037 potentially eligible records, of which 28 were reports of randomized controlled trials evaluating prehospital trauma care interventions. After excluding duplicate reports, there were 24 separate randomized controlled trials including 6,806 patients. The largest and smallest trials involved 1,309 and 30 trauma patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This register will facilitate the conduct of systematic reviews of the effectiveness of interventions in prehospital trauma care. However, despite the extensive searching, very few randomized trials in this area were found. In view of the absence of evidence for the effectiveness of many of the interventions that are used in the prehospital care of trauma patients, further randomized controlled trials are required.
Macfarlane, Alison; Heyman, Bob; Dorling, Daniel; Gordon, Dave; Davey-Smith, George; Dolk, Helen; Roberts, Helen; Basnett, Ian; Roberts, Ian; Lewis, Jane; Popay, Jennie; McKee, Martin; Mugford, Miranda; Barker, Rodney; Raine, Rosalind; Baldwin, Sally; Glen, Sally; Platt, Stephen; Sheldon, Trevor
PFI is here to stay. Select committee's report used parliamentary privilege unacceptably. Journal Article
In: BMJ (Clinical research ed), vol. 324, no. 7353, pp. 1584–, 2002.
@article{lshtm16589,
title = {PFI is here to stay. Select committee's report used parliamentary privilege unacceptably.},
author = {Alison Macfarlane and Bob Heyman and Daniel Dorling and Dave Gordon and George Davey-Smith and Helen Dolk and Helen Roberts and Ian Basnett and Ian Roberts and Jane Lewis and Jennie Popay and Martin McKee and Miranda Mugford and Rodney Barker and Rosalind Raine and Sally Baldwin and Sally Glen and Stephen Platt and Trevor Sheldon},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/16589/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed)},
volume = {324},
number = {7353},
pages = {1584--},
publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mapstone, James; Roberts, Ian; Evans, Phillip
Fluid resuscitation strategies: a systematic review of animal trials. Journal Article
In: The Journal of trauma, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 571–589, 2002.
@article{lshtm26886,
title = {Fluid resuscitation strategies: a systematic review of animal trials.},
author = {James Mapstone and Ian Roberts and Phillip Evans},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/26886/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {The Journal of trauma},
volume = {55},
number = {3},
pages = {571--589},
publisher = {Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to systematically review randomized, controlled trials of fluid resuscitation in animal models of uncontrolled hemorrhage and to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. METHODS: We conducted an electronic bibliographic search of published research, reviewed reference lists of included trials, and contacted authors about unpublished studies. We included all unconfounded, randomized, controlled trials of fluid resuscitation (timing, volume, or resuscitation targets) in animal models of uncontrolled hemorrhage. The outcome measure was mortality at the end of the scheduled follow-up period of the trial. Two reviewers independently applied the selection criteria to the trial reports. A third reviewer resolved disagreements. RESULTS: Forty-four trials compared fluid versus no fluid resuscitation. There was marked heterogeneity in the effect of fluid resuscitation on the risk of death, much of which was explained by the hemorrhage model used. In aortic injury models, the adjusted relative risk of death with fluid resuscitation was 0.48 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.71). In organ incision models, the adjusted relative risk of death was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.49-1.18). In tail resection models, the adjusted relative risk of death was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.38-1.25) if 50% or more was removed and 1.86 (95% CI, 1.13-3.07) if less than 50% was removed. In other vascular injury models, the adjusted relative risk of death with fluid resuscitation was 1.70 (95% CI, 1.01-2.85), respectively. Nine trials compared hypotensive versus normotensive resuscitation. The relative risk of death with hypotensive resuscitation was 0.37 (95% CI, 0.27-0.50). CONCLUSION: Fluid resuscitation appears to reduce the risk of death in animal models of severe hemorrhage but increases the risk of death in those with less severe hemorrhage. Excessive fluid resuscitation could therefore be harmful in some situations. Hypotensive resuscitation reduced the risk of death in all the trials investigating it. An evaluation of the potential impact of hypotensive resuscitation in humans could now be warranted.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to systematically review randomized, controlled trials of fluid resuscitation in animal models of uncontrolled hemorrhage and to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. METHODS: We conducted an electronic bibliographic search of published research, reviewed reference lists of included trials, and contacted authors about unpublished studies. We included all unconfounded, randomized, controlled trials of fluid resuscitation (timing, volume, or resuscitation targets) in animal models of uncontrolled hemorrhage. The outcome measure was mortality at the end of the scheduled follow-up period of the trial. Two reviewers independently applied the selection criteria to the trial reports. A third reviewer resolved disagreements. RESULTS: Forty-four trials compared fluid versus no fluid resuscitation. There was marked heterogeneity in the effect of fluid resuscitation on the risk of death, much of which was explained by the hemorrhage model used. In aortic injury models, the adjusted relative risk of death with fluid resuscitation was 0.48 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.71). In organ incision models, the adjusted relative risk of death was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.49-1.18). In tail resection models, the adjusted relative risk of death was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.38-1.25) if 50% or more was removed and 1.86 (95% CI, 1.13-3.07) if less than 50% was removed. In other vascular injury models, the adjusted relative risk of death with fluid resuscitation was 1.70 (95% CI, 1.01-2.85), respectively. Nine trials compared hypotensive versus normotensive resuscitation. The relative risk of death with hypotensive resuscitation was 0.37 (95% CI, 0.27-0.50). CONCLUSION: Fluid resuscitation appears to reduce the risk of death in animal models of severe hemorrhage but increases the risk of death in those with less severe hemorrhage. Excessive fluid resuscitation could therefore be harmful in some situations. Hypotensive resuscitation reduced the risk of death in all the trials investigating it. An evaluation of the potential impact of hypotensive resuscitation in humans could now be warranted.
Roberts, I
Albumin and hypovolaemia: time to move on and generate new evidence - Response Journal Article
In: Lancet, vol. 359, no. 9300, pp. 72–73, 2002.
@article{lshtm17560,
title = {Albumin and hypovolaemia: time to move on and generate new evidence - Response},
author = {I Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17560/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Lancet},
volume = {359},
number = {9300},
pages = {72--73},
publisher = {Elsevier},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, I
Albumin and hypovolaemia: time to move on and generate new evidence. Journal Article
In: Lancet, vol. 359, pp. 72–73, 2002.
@article{lshtm15679,
title = {Albumin and hypovolaemia: time to move on and generate new evidence.},
author = {I Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/15679/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Lancet},
volume = {359},
pages = {72--73},
publisher = {Elsevier},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, I
Reducing child pedestrian injuries. Journal Article
In: Injury Prevention, vol. 8: sup, 2002.
@article{lshtm15681,
title = {Reducing child pedestrian injuries.},
author = {I Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/15681/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Injury Prevention},
volume = {8: sup},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, I; Bunn, F; Wentz, R
Egg on their faces: the story of human albumin administration Journal Article
In: Evaluation and the Health Professionals, 2002.
@article{lshtm15673,
title = {Egg on their faces: the story of human albumin administration},
author = {I Roberts and F Bunn and R Wentz},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/15673/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Evaluation and the Health Professionals},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, Ian
CRASH trial: the first large-scale randomized controlled trial in head injury. Journal Article
In: ANZ journal of surgery, vol. 72, no. 8, pp. 600–, 2002.
@article{lshtm17554,
title = {CRASH trial: the first large-scale randomized controlled trial in head injury.},
author = {Ian Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17554/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {ANZ journal of surgery},
volume = {72},
number = {8},
pages = {600--},
publisher = {Wiley},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, Ian
Crash. Journal Article
In: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 162–, 2002.
@article{lshtm17552,
title = {Crash.},
author = {Ian Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17552/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine},
volume = {95},
number = {3},
pages = {162--},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, Ian; Bunn, Frances
Egg on their faces. The story of human albumin solution. Journal Article
In: Evaluation & the health professions, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 130–138, 2002.
@article{lshtm18304,
title = {Egg on their faces. The story of human albumin solution.},
author = {Ian Roberts and Frances Bunn},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/18304/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Evaluation & the health professions},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {130--138},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
abstract = {In 1998, the Cochrane Injuries Group published the results of a systematic review of human albumin administration in critically ill patients. The results showed that the risk of death in patients receiving albumin was 14%, and the risk of death in patients not receiving albumin was 8%, suggesting that for every 17 critically ill patients treated with albumin there is one extra death. The results were widely reported in the television and print media throughout the world and stimulated an immediate response from the drug regulatory agencies, the plasma products industry, and the medical profession. Despite vigorous attempts by the plasma products industry to limit the effect of the systematic review on albumin sales, the use of albumin declined steeply, showing that evidence from systematic reviews can have an important effect on clinical care.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In 1998, the Cochrane Injuries Group published the results of a systematic review of human albumin administration in critically ill patients. The results showed that the risk of death in patients receiving albumin was 14%, and the risk of death in patients not receiving albumin was 8%, suggesting that for every 17 critically ill patients treated with albumin there is one extra death. The results were widely reported in the television and print media throughout the world and stimulated an immediate response from the drug regulatory agencies, the plasma products industry, and the medical profession. Despite vigorous attempts by the plasma products industry to limit the effect of the systematic review on albumin sales, the use of albumin declined steeply, showing that evidence from systematic reviews can have an important effect on clinical care.
Roberts, Ian; trial management group, CRASH
The CRASH trial: the first large-scale randomized controlled trial in head injury. Corticosteroid Randomization After Significant Head injury. Journal Article
In: The National medical journal of India, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 61–62, 2002.
@article{lshtm18319,
title = {The CRASH trial: the first large-scale randomized controlled trial in head injury. Corticosteroid Randomization After Significant Head injury.},
author = {Ian Roberts and CRASH trial management group},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/18319/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {The National medical journal of India},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {61--62},
publisher = {Medknow Publications},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, Ian; Kwan, Irene; Evans, Phillip; Haig, Steven
In: BMJ, vol. 324, no. 7335, pp. 474–476, 2002.
@article{lshtm17515,
title = {Does animal experimentation inform human healthcare? Observations from a systematic review of international animal experiments on fluid resuscitation.},
author = {Ian Roberts and Irene Kwan and Phillip Evans and Steven Haig},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17515/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {BMJ},
volume = {324},
number = {7335},
pages = {474--476},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, Ian; Mohan, Dinesh; Abbasi, Kamran
War on the roads. Journal Article
In: BMJ, vol. 324, no. 7346, pp. 1107–1108, 2002.
@article{lshtm17553,
title = {War on the roads.},
author = {Ian Roberts and Dinesh Mohan and Kamran Abbasi},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17553/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {BMJ},
volume = {324},
number = {7346},
pages = {1107--1108},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rowland, D; Roberts, I
Potential public health importance of the oven ready chip. Journal Article
In: Injury prevention, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 328–329, 2002.
@article{lshtm17536,
title = {Potential public health importance of the oven ready chip.},
author = {D Rowland and I Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17536/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Injury prevention},
volume = {8},
number = {4},
pages = {328--329},
publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chip pan fires are responsible for 25% of fire related injury in the UK, despite government strategies to encourage safer frying. To establish the feasibility of promoting oven ready chips (fries), the residents in a materially deprived ward of London were surveyed. Sample frame: 1073 of 2145 households participating in a randomised controlled trial. RESULTS: Approximately half of those surveyed deep fry, mostly chips, fish, and meat. Ownership of ovens and microwaves was high (99% and 80% respectively). Reasons for deep frying included taste (50%), speed (32%), and tradition (25%). CONCLUSIONS: Improving the quality of oven baked alternatives may encourage consumers to change to safer and healthier cooking methods, with potentially important repercussions for public health.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
BACKGROUND: Chip pan fires are responsible for 25% of fire related injury in the UK, despite government strategies to encourage safer frying. To establish the feasibility of promoting oven ready chips (fries), the residents in a materially deprived ward of London were surveyed. Sample frame: 1073 of 2145 households participating in a randomised controlled trial. RESULTS: Approximately half of those surveyed deep fry, mostly chips, fish, and meat. Ownership of ovens and microwaves was high (99% and 80% respectively). Reasons for deep frying included taste (50%), speed (32%), and tradition (25%). CONCLUSIONS: Improving the quality of oven baked alternatives may encourage consumers to change to safer and healthier cooking methods, with potentially important repercussions for public health.
Rowland, Diane; Afolabi, Elizabeth; Roberts, Ian
Prevention of deaths and injuries caused by house fires: survey of local authority smoke alarm policies. Journal Article
In: Journal of public health medicine, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 217–218, 2002.
@article{lshtm17538,
title = {Prevention of deaths and injuries caused by house fires: survey of local authority smoke alarm policies.},
author = {Diane Rowland and Elizabeth Afolabi and Ian Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17538/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of public health medicine},
volume = {24},
number = {3},
pages = {217--218},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite an increased risk of fire in disadvantaged households, smoke alarm ownership is considerably lower than in the general population. The government currently recommends that local authorities install battery-operated smoke alarms in all public sector properties regardless of tenure. However, the extent to which local authorities comply is currently not known. We conducted a survey of local authorities to establish the extent of their smoke alarm provision to public sector households. METHODS: A telephone survey of all 405 local authorities within England and Wales was carried out. RESULTS: We obtained responses from 390 (97 per cent) local authorities, 266 of which had responsibility for housing. Over half of all public-sector households are offered smoke alarms by the local authorities. The majority of local authorities offer ionization and/or optical sensor alarm types (78 per cent), with many local authorities providing battery-operated alarms alone (17 per cent) or in combination with hardwired alarms (31 per cent). CONCLUSIONS: Many local authorities offer smoke alarm provision to their public-sector households. Whether this represents an effective and cost-effective use of resources requires further investigation.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
BACKGROUND: Despite an increased risk of fire in disadvantaged households, smoke alarm ownership is considerably lower than in the general population. The government currently recommends that local authorities install battery-operated smoke alarms in all public sector properties regardless of tenure. However, the extent to which local authorities comply is currently not known. We conducted a survey of local authorities to establish the extent of their smoke alarm provision to public sector households. METHODS: A telephone survey of all 405 local authorities within England and Wales was carried out. RESULTS: We obtained responses from 390 (97 per cent) local authorities, 266 of which had responsibility for housing. Over half of all public-sector households are offered smoke alarms by the local authorities. The majority of local authorities offer ionization and/or optical sensor alarm types (78 per cent), with many local authorities providing battery-operated alarms alone (17 per cent) or in combination with hardwired alarms (31 per cent). CONCLUSIONS: Many local authorities offer smoke alarm provision to their public-sector households. Whether this represents an effective and cost-effective use of resources requires further investigation.
Rowland, Diane; DiGuiseppi, Carolyn; Roberts, Ian; Curtis, Katherine; Roberts, Helen; Ginnelly, Laura; Sculpher, Mark; Wade, Angela
Prevalence of working smoke alarms in local authority inner city housing: randomised controlled trial. Journal Article
In: BMJ, vol. 325, no. 7371, pp. 998–1001, 2002.
@article{lshtm17535,
title = {Prevalence of working smoke alarms in local authority inner city housing: randomised controlled trial.},
author = {Diane Rowland and Carolyn DiGuiseppi and Ian Roberts and Katherine Curtis and Helen Roberts and Laura Ginnelly and Mark Sculpher and Angela Wade},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17535/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {BMJ},
volume = {325},
number = {7371},
pages = {998--1001},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To identify which type of smoke alarm is most likely to remain working in local authority inner city housing, and to identify an alarm tolerated in households with smokers. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Two local authority housing estates in inner London. PARTICIPANTS: 2145 households. INTERVENTION: Installation of one of five types of smoke alarm (ionisation sensor with a zinc battery; ionisation sensor with a zinc battery and pause button; ionisation sensor with a lithium battery and pause button; optical sensor with a lithium battery; or optical sensor with a zinc battery). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Percentage of homes with any working alarm and percentage in which the alarm installed for this study was working after 15 months. RESULTS: 54.4% (1166/2145) of all households and 45.9% (465/1012) of households occupied by smokers had a working smoke alarm. Ionisation sensor, lithium battery, and there being a smoker in the household were independently associated with whether an alarm was working (adjusted odds ratios 2.24 (95% confidence interval 1.75 to 2.87), 2.20 (1.77 to 2.75), and 0.62 (0.52 to 0.74)). The most common reasons for non-function were missing battery (19%), missing alarm (17%), and battery disconnected (4%). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly half of the alarms installed were not working when tested 15 months later. Type of alarm and power source are important determinants of whether a household had a working alarm.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVES: To identify which type of smoke alarm is most likely to remain working in local authority inner city housing, and to identify an alarm tolerated in households with smokers. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Two local authority housing estates in inner London. PARTICIPANTS: 2145 households. INTERVENTION: Installation of one of five types of smoke alarm (ionisation sensor with a zinc battery; ionisation sensor with a zinc battery and pause button; ionisation sensor with a lithium battery and pause button; optical sensor with a lithium battery; or optical sensor with a zinc battery). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Percentage of homes with any working alarm and percentage in which the alarm installed for this study was working after 15 months. RESULTS: 54.4% (1166/2145) of all households and 45.9% (465/1012) of households occupied by smokers had a working smoke alarm. Ionisation sensor, lithium battery, and there being a smoker in the household were independently associated with whether an alarm was working (adjusted odds ratios 2.24 (95% confidence interval 1.75 to 2.87), 2.20 (1.77 to 2.75), and 0.62 (0.52 to 0.74)). The most common reasons for non-function were missing battery (19%), missing alarm (17%), and battery disconnected (4%). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly half of the alarms installed were not working when tested 15 months later. Type of alarm and power source are important determinants of whether a household had a working alarm.
Sandercock, Peter; Roberts, Ian
Systematic reviews of animal experiments. Journal Article
In: Lancet, vol. 360, no. 9333, pp. 586–, 2002.
@article{lshtm17555,
title = {Systematic reviews of animal experiments.},
author = {Peter Sandercock and Ian Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17555/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Lancet},
volume = {360},
number = {9333},
pages = {586--},
publisher = {Elsevier},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wentz, R; Roberts, I; Bunn, F; Edwards, P; Kwan, I; Lefebvre, C
Erratum to "Identifying controlled evaluation studies of road safety interventions - Searching for needles in a haystack" (vol 32, pg 267, 2001) Journal Article
In: Journal of safety research, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 153–, 2002.
@article{lshtm18303,
title = {Erratum to "Identifying controlled evaluation studies of road safety interventions - Searching for needles in a haystack" (vol 32, pg 267, 2001)},
author = {R Wentz and I Roberts and F Bunn and P Edwards and I Kwan and C Lefebvre},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/18303/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of safety research},
volume = {33},
number = {1},
pages = {153--},
publisher = {Elsevier},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wentz, R; Roberts, I; Bunn, F; Edwards, P; Kwan, I; Lefebvre, C
Identifying controlled evaluation studies of road safety interventions - Searching for needles in a haystack (vol 32, pg 267, 2001) Journal Article
In: Journal of safety research, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 153–153, 2002.
@article{lshtm17519,
title = {Identifying controlled evaluation studies of road safety interventions - Searching for needles in a haystack (vol 32, pg 267, 2001)},
author = {R Wentz and I Roberts and F Bunn and P Edwards and I Kwan and C Lefebvre},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17519/},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of safety research},
volume = {33},
number = {1},
pages = {153--153},
publisher = {Elsevier},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2001
Svoboda, P; Roberts, I; á, Kantorov I; Ochmann, J; Yates, DW
[CRASH--the first large randomized controlled study of head injuries]. Journal Article
In: Rozhledy v chirurgii : měsíčník Československé chirurgické společnosti, vol. 80, no. 9, pp. 453–455, 2001.
@article{lshtm19945,
title = {[CRASH--the first large randomized controlled study of head injuries].},
author = {P Svoboda and I Roberts and Kantorov I á and J Ochmann and DW Yates},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/19945/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-09-01},
journal = {Rozhledy v chirurgii : měsíčník Československé chirurgické společnosti},
volume = {80},
number = {9},
pages = {453--455},
publisher = {Unknown},
abstract = {CRASH (www.crash.lshtm.ac.uk) is already today the most extensive randomized controlled study of patients with head injuries which was implemented, but its completion and statistical evaluation will be possible only when it achieves the planned and necessary 20,000 enlisted patients. This calls for unselfish cooperation of physicians and nurses world-wide. In the Czech Republic so far six departments participate in the study and we would be glad if this number would increase substantially.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
CRASH (www.crash.lshtm.ac.uk) is already today the most extensive randomized controlled study of patients with head injuries which was implemented, but its completion and statistical evaluation will be possible only when it achieves the planned and necessary 20,000 enlisted patients. This calls for unselfish cooperation of physicians and nurses world-wide. In the Czech Republic so far six departments participate in the study and we would be glad if this number would increase substantially.
Achara, S; Adeyemi, B; Dosekun, E; Kelleher, S; Lansley, M; Male, I; Muhialdin, N; Reynolds, L; Roberts, I; Smailbegovic, M; van der Spek, N; Reviewers, Cochrane Injuries Group Driver Education
Evidence based road safety: the Driving Standards Agency's schools programme. Journal Article
In: Lancet, vol. 358, no. 9277, pp. 230–232, 2001.
@article{lshtm17548,
title = {Evidence based road safety: the Driving Standards Agency's schools programme.},
author = {S Achara and B Adeyemi and E Dosekun and S Kelleher and M Lansley and I Male and N Muhialdin and L Reynolds and I Roberts and M Smailbegovic and N van der Spek and Cochrane Injuries Group Driver Education Reviewers},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17548/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Lancet},
volume = {358},
number = {9277},
pages = {230--232},
publisher = {Elsevier},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Armstrong, B; Coleman, M; Davies, C; Elbourne, D; Fletcher, A; Grundy, E; Haines, A; Hall, A; Kirkwood, B; Lamping, D; Miles, M; Roberts, I; Sondorp, E
Plight of Afghan people must not be forgotten. Journal Article
In: BMJ (Clinical research ed), vol. 323, no. 7315, pp. 755–, 2001.
@article{lshtm16248,
title = {Plight of Afghan people must not be forgotten.},
author = {B Armstrong and M Coleman and C Davies and D Elbourne and A Fletcher and E Grundy and A Haines and A Hall and B Kirkwood and D Lamping and M Miles and I Roberts and E Sondorp},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/16248/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed)},
volume = {323},
number = {7315},
pages = {755--},
publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bunn, F; DiGuiseppi, C; Roberts, I
Systematic reviews in injury control Incollection
In: Rivara, F; Cummings, P; Koepsell, TD; Grossman, DC; Maier, RV (Ed.): Injury control: a guide to research and program evaluation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001.
@incollection{lshtm18306,
title = {Systematic reviews in injury control},
author = {F Bunn and C DiGuiseppi and I Roberts},
editor = {F Rivara and P Cummings and TD Koepsell and DC Grossman and RV Maier},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/18306/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
booktitle = {Injury control: a guide to research and program evaluation},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Cummings, P; Koepsell, T; Roberts, I
Case-control studies in injury research Incollection
In: Rivara, F; Cummings, P; Koepsell, T; Grossman, DC; Maier, RV (Ed.): Injury control: a guide to research and program evaluation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001.
@incollection{lshtm18320,
title = {Case-control studies in injury research},
author = {P Cummings and T Koepsell and I Roberts},
editor = {F Rivara and P Cummings and T Koepsell and DC Grossman and RV Maier},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/18320/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
booktitle = {Injury control: a guide to research and program evaluation},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Li, L; Roberts, I; Power, C
Physical and psychological effects of injury. Data from the 1958 British birth cohort study. Journal Article
In: European journal of public health, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 81–83, 2001.
@article{lshtm18317,
title = {Physical and psychological effects of injury. Data from the 1958 British birth cohort study.},
author = {L Li and I Roberts and C Power},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/18317/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {European journal of public health},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {81--83},
publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is only scant evidence for the long-term health effects of road traffic injuries. We therefore assessed the extent to which motor vehicle driver injuries influence limiting long-standing illness and psychological distress using data from a nationwide study (the 1958 British birth cohort) in early adulthood. METHODS: Information was obtained on driver injuries occurring between ages 23 and 33 years and limiting illnesses and psychological distress at age 33 years. The risks of injury-related adverse consequences were derived using logistic regression and expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: A single injury was associated with limiting illness (OR = 2.01 and 95% CI: 1.38-2.94). The association between a single injury and psychological distress was strong for a recent injury occurring between ages 30 and 33 years (OR = 1.86 and 95% CI: 1.24-2.81), but not for injuries occurring earlier on. The population attributable fraction for limiting illness with one injury was 3.8% (range 1.7-5.3%) and with two or more injuries was 1.0% (range 0.5-1.3%). After controlling for potential confounding factors the corresponding figures were 4.2% (range 2.2-5.6%) and 1.1% (range 0.5-1.3%) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Driver injuries are associated with a substantial increase in disability and, also in the short term, with increases in psychological distress. These results highlight the need for identifying effective strategies for the prevention of road traffic injuries as well as more effective approaches for rehabilitation of the injured.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
BACKGROUND: There is only scant evidence for the long-term health effects of road traffic injuries. We therefore assessed the extent to which motor vehicle driver injuries influence limiting long-standing illness and psychological distress using data from a nationwide study (the 1958 British birth cohort) in early adulthood. METHODS: Information was obtained on driver injuries occurring between ages 23 and 33 years and limiting illnesses and psychological distress at age 33 years. The risks of injury-related adverse consequences were derived using logistic regression and expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: A single injury was associated with limiting illness (OR = 2.01 and 95% CI: 1.38-2.94). The association between a single injury and psychological distress was strong for a recent injury occurring between ages 30 and 33 years (OR = 1.86 and 95% CI: 1.24-2.81), but not for injuries occurring earlier on. The population attributable fraction for limiting illness with one injury was 3.8% (range 1.7-5.3%) and with two or more injuries was 1.0% (range 0.5-1.3%). After controlling for potential confounding factors the corresponding figures were 4.2% (range 2.2-5.6%) and 1.1% (range 0.5-1.3%) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Driver injuries are associated with a substantial increase in disability and, also in the short term, with increases in psychological distress. These results highlight the need for identifying effective strategies for the prevention of road traffic injuries as well as more effective approaches for rehabilitation of the injured.
Mohan, D; Roberts, I
Global road safety and the contribution of big business. Journal Article
In: BMJ (Clinical research ed), vol. 323, no. 7314, pp. 648–, 2001.
@article{lshtm17550,
title = {Global road safety and the contribution of big business.},
author = {D Mohan and I Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17550/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed)},
volume = {323},
number = {7314},
pages = {648--},
publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, I
Animal research. Three Rs should be registration randomisation, and reviews (systematic). Journal Article
In: BMJ (Clinical research ed), vol. 322, no. 7302, pp. 1604–, 2001.
@article{lshtm18318,
title = {Animal research. Three Rs should be registration randomisation, and reviews (systematic).},
author = {I Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/18318/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed)},
volume = {322},
number = {7302},
pages = {1604--},
publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, I
The CRASH trial: the first large-scale, randomised, controlled trial in head injury. Journal Article
In: Critical care (London, England), vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 292–293, 2001.
@article{lshtm17551,
title = {The CRASH trial: the first large-scale, randomised, controlled trial in head injury.},
author = {I Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17551/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Critical care (London, England)},
volume = {5},
number = {6},
pages = {292--293},
publisher = {BMC},
abstract = {The global epidemic of head injuries is just beginning. Many are caused by road traffic crashes. It is estimated that, by 2020, road traffic crashes will have moved from its present position of ninth to third in the world disease burden ranking, as measured in disability adjusted life years. In developing countries, it will have moved to second. The Corticosteroid Randomisation After Significant Head Injury (CRASH) trial is a large-scale, randomised, controlled trial, among adults with head injury and impaired consciousness, of the effects of a short-term infusion of corticosteroids on death and on neurological disability. Following a successful pilot phase, which included over 1000 randomised participants, the main phase of the trial is now underway. Over the next 5 years, the trial aims to recruit a total of 20,000 patients. Such large numbers will only be possible if hundreds of doctors and nurses can collaborate in emergency departments all over the world. The trial is currently recruiting, and new collaborators are welcome to join the trial (see www.crash.lshtm.ac.uk).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The global epidemic of head injuries is just beginning. Many are caused by road traffic crashes. It is estimated that, by 2020, road traffic crashes will have moved from its present position of ninth to third in the world disease burden ranking, as measured in disability adjusted life years. In developing countries, it will have moved to second. The Corticosteroid Randomisation After Significant Head Injury (CRASH) trial is a large-scale, randomised, controlled trial, among adults with head injury and impaired consciousness, of the effects of a short-term infusion of corticosteroids on death and on neurological disability. Following a successful pilot phase, which included over 1000 randomised participants, the main phase of the trial is now underway. Over the next 5 years, the trial aims to recruit a total of 20,000 patients. Such large numbers will only be possible if hundreds of doctors and nurses can collaborate in emergency departments all over the world. The trial is currently recruiting, and new collaborators are welcome to join the trial (see www.crash.lshtm.ac.uk).
Roberts, I
The Road to Trauma Journal Article
In: Guardian, 2001.
@article{lshtm15380,
title = {The Road to Trauma},
author = {I Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/15380/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Guardian},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, I
Will we all continue to ignore deaths and injuries from road traffic crashes? Journal Article
In: BMJ (Clinical research ed), vol. 323, no. 7309, pp. 402–, 2001.
@article{lshtm17549,
title = {Will we all continue to ignore deaths and injuries from road traffic crashes?},
author = {I Roberts},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17549/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed)},
volume = {323},
number = {7309},
pages = {402--},
publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, I; Bunn, F; Wentz, R
How can we discover what works in the prevention of road traffic crashes? [Editorial] Journal Article
In: BMC News and Views, vol. 2, no. 1, 2001.
@article{lshtm18305,
title = {How can we discover what works in the prevention of road traffic crashes? [Editorial]},
author = {I Roberts and F Bunn and R Wentz},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/18305/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {BMC News and Views},
volume = {2},
number = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, I; Evans, P
Normalisation of blood pressure in bleeding patients - Authors' reply Journal Article
In: Lancet, vol. 357, no. 9272, pp. 1977–1977, 2001.
@article{lshtm6405,
title = {Normalisation of blood pressure in bleeding patients - Authors' reply},
author = {I Roberts and P Evans},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/6405/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Lancet},
volume = {357},
number = {9272},
pages = {1977--1977},
publisher = {Elsevier},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, I; Evans, P
Normalisation of blood pressure in bleeding patients. Journal Article
In: Lancet, vol. 357, pp. 1976–, 2001.
@article{lshtm15678,
title = {Normalisation of blood pressure in bleeding patients.},
author = {I Roberts and P Evans},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/15678/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Lancet},
volume = {357},
pages = {1976--},
publisher = {Elsevier},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, I; Evans, P; Bunn, F; Kwan, I; Crowhurst, E
Is the normalisation of blood pressure in bleeding trauma patients harmful? Journal Article
In: Lancet, vol. 357, no. 9253, pp. 385–387, 2001.
@article{lshtm18301,
title = {Is the normalisation of blood pressure in bleeding trauma patients harmful?},
author = {I Roberts and P Evans and F Bunn and I Kwan and E Crowhurst},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/18301/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Lancet},
volume = {357},
number = {9253},
pages = {385--387},
publisher = {Elsevier},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, I; Hosford, T; Edwards, P
The World Health Organization and the prevention of road injuries: phone book analysis. Journal Article
In: BMJ (Clinical research ed), vol. 323, no. 7327, pp. 1485–, 2001.
@article{lshtm17526,
title = {The World Health Organization and the prevention of road injuries: phone book analysis.},
author = {I Roberts and T Hosford and P Edwards},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17526/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed)},
volume = {323},
number = {7327},
pages = {1485--},
publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sethi, D; Kwan, I; Kelly, AM; Roberts, I; Bunn, F
Advanced trauma life support training for ambulance crews. Journal Article
In: The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, no. 2, pp. CD003109–, 2001.
@article{lshtm17356,
title = {Advanced trauma life support training for ambulance crews.},
author = {D Sethi and I Kwan and AM Kelly and I Roberts and F Bunn},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17356/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {The Cochrane database of systematic reviews},
number = {2},
pages = {CD003109--},
publisher = {Cochrane Collaboration},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is an increasing global burden of disease from injuries. Models of trauma care initially developed in high-income countries are also being adopted in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). Amongst these ambulance crews with Advanced Life Support (ALS) training are being promoted in LMIC as a strategy for improving outcomes for victims of trauma. However there is controversy as to the effectiveness of this health service intervention, and the evidence has yet to be rigorously appraised. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the effectiveness of ambulance crews with ALS training versus crews with any other level of training in reducing mortality and morbidity in trauma patients. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register (CCTR), the specialised register of the Cochrane Injuries Group, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed and the National Research Register. We checked references of background papers and contacted authors to identify additional published or unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials, quasi-randomised controlled trials and controlled before-and-after studies comparing effectiveness of ambulance crews with ALS training versus crews with any other levels of training in reducing mortality and morbidity in trauma patients. Studies which compared crews staffed by physicians versus others were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently applied eligibility criteria to trial reports for inclusion and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: We found one randomised controlled trial, which included 16 trauma cases. However, outcome data were added to the main non-randomised cohort in the analysis, and data on these 16 cases are not yet available. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of evidence of the effectiveness of advanced life support, strong argument could be made that it should not be promoted outside the context of a properly concealed and otherwise rigorously conducted randomised controlled trial.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
BACKGROUND: There is an increasing global burden of disease from injuries. Models of trauma care initially developed in high-income countries are also being adopted in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). Amongst these ambulance crews with Advanced Life Support (ALS) training are being promoted in LMIC as a strategy for improving outcomes for victims of trauma. However there is controversy as to the effectiveness of this health service intervention, and the evidence has yet to be rigorously appraised. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the effectiveness of ambulance crews with ALS training versus crews with any other level of training in reducing mortality and morbidity in trauma patients. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register (CCTR), the specialised register of the Cochrane Injuries Group, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed and the National Research Register. We checked references of background papers and contacted authors to identify additional published or unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials, quasi-randomised controlled trials and controlled before-and-after studies comparing effectiveness of ambulance crews with ALS training versus crews with any other levels of training in reducing mortality and morbidity in trauma patients. Studies which compared crews staffed by physicians versus others were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently applied eligibility criteria to trial reports for inclusion and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: We found one randomised controlled trial, which included 16 trauma cases. However, outcome data were added to the main non-randomised cohort in the analysis, and data on these 16 cases are not yet available. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of evidence of the effectiveness of advanced life support, strong argument could be made that it should not be promoted outside the context of a properly concealed and otherwise rigorously conducted randomised controlled trial.
Sethi, D; Kwan, I; Kelly, AM; Roberts, I; Bunn, F
Advanced trauma life support training versus basic life support training Journal Article
In: Oxford: Update software - The Cochrane Library, 2001.
@article{lshtm15670,
title = {Advanced trauma life support training versus basic life support training},
author = {D Sethi and I Kwan and AM Kelly and I Roberts and F Bunn},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/15670/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Oxford: Update software - The Cochrane Library},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sethi, D; Kwan, I; Kelly, AM; Roberts, I; Bunn, F
Advanced trauma life support training versus basic life support training Journal Article
In: Oxford: Update software (Issue 2), The Cochrane Library, 2001.
@article{lshtm15671,
title = {Advanced trauma life support training versus basic life support training},
author = {D Sethi and I Kwan and AM Kelly and I Roberts and F Bunn},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/15671/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Oxford: Update software (Issue 2), The Cochrane Library},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wentz, R; Roberts, I; Bunn, F; Edwards, P; Kwan, I; Lefebvre, C
Identifying controlled evaluation studies of road safety interventions - Searching for needles in a haystack Journal Article
In: Journal of safety research, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 267–276, 2001.
@article{lshtm17518,
title = {Identifying controlled evaluation studies of road safety interventions - Searching for needles in a haystack},
author = {R Wentz and I Roberts and F Bunn and P Edwards and I Kwan and C Lefebvre},
url = {http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17518/},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Journal of safety research},
volume = {32},
number = {3},
pages = {267--276},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Problem: Worldwide, over one million people die and about 10 million people sustain permanent disabilities each year in road traffic crashes. It is a matter of urgency that effective strategies, especially from existing controlled trials (CTs), are identified for crash prevention programs. Methods: We used word frequency analysis to develop a search strategy of known sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) to identify reports of controlled evaluation studies of road safety interventions in the TRANSPORT database. Results: 23,554 records were searched and 319 (1.40%) records of controlled evaluation studies were identified by handsearching, We were unable to devise search strategies that combined acceptable sensitivity and PPV. Impact on industry: Efforts to improve the identification of CTs of road safety interventions are urgently required. This would involve the documentation of the study design in the title, abstract, and methods section of the research report. The study methodology should be carefully and consistently indexed in road safety databases, and editors can encourage appropriate indexing by insisting on the use of structured abstracts that give details of study methodology. (C) 2001 National Safety Council and Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Problem: Worldwide, over one million people die and about 10 million people sustain permanent disabilities each year in road traffic crashes. It is a matter of urgency that effective strategies, especially from existing controlled trials (CTs), are identified for crash prevention programs. Methods: We used word frequency analysis to develop a search strategy of known sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) to identify reports of controlled evaluation studies of road safety interventions in the TRANSPORT database. Results: 23,554 records were searched and 319 (1.40%) records of controlled evaluation studies were identified by handsearching, We were unable to devise search strategies that combined acceptable sensitivity and PPV. Impact on industry: Efforts to improve the identification of CTs of road safety interventions are urgently required. This would involve the documentation of the study design in the title, abstract, and methods section of the research report. The study methodology should be carefully and consistently indexed in road safety databases, and editors can encourage appropriate indexing by insisting on the use of structured abstracts that give details of study methodology. (C) 2001 National Safety Council and Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.